逍遥学能 2013-07-27 09:30
The most recent wave of feminism, which began in the 90s, is sometimes considered post feminist. Although it continues the feminist movement, it also criticizes some of the points of view of the second wave. Many sub-movements of feminist ideology have developed over the years: socialist feminism, radical feminism, liberal feminism, ecofeminism. Some of these sub-movements have ideologies that overlap, and some feminists consider themselves adhering to different types of feminism.
争取女权运动的最近一次浪潮，始于（20世纪）90年代，有时被称为后争取女权运动。虽然它继续了女权运动，但也批判了第二次浪潮中的一些观点。争取女权运动意识形态的许多次级运动，在过去几年里已经发展起来：社会主义女权主义，激进女权主义、自由主义女权主义，经济女权主义。这些次级运动中的一些意识形态是相互重叠的，有些女权主义者认为她们自己从属于不同类型的女权主义。
Radical feminism can be considered the most aggressive form of its kind. Its ideology is that women are oppressed by men, who control capitalist hierarchy. Some radical feminists think that the only way to be free from this patriarchal system is to reconstruct the society. (Echols)
激进的女权主义可以看作女权主义运动中最激烈的。它的意识形态认为：女人受到男人的压迫，男人控制着资本主义的世袭制度。一些激进的女权主义者认为从这种父权制度获得解放的唯一途径是对社会进行重构。
There are some sub-types of radical feminism, that have emerged over time, such as separatist feminism, cultural feminism or anti-pornography feminism. Separatist feminists are extreme feminists who think that the sexual disparities between men and women are irresolvable.
随着时间的演进，激进女权主义中出现几个次级类型，比如分离主义女权主义运动，文化女权主义运动，或称反色情女权主义运动。分离主义女权主义者是极端的女权主义者，他们认为男女之间性的差别是无法解决的问题。
This century of feminist movement improved considerably the life of the women in the Western society. Now, women have greater access to education, have the right to vote, to own property, to serve in the military, to have marital, parental and religious rights, have the right to make individual decisions regarding pregnancy, to have a career and be financially independent from men.
女权运动的这一个世纪，极大地改善了西方社会妇女的生活。目前，妇女接受教育的机会增多了，有了选举权，有了拥有财产权，服兵役的权利，有了婚姻、做母亲的权利和宗教权利，有了在有关怀孕、选择职业和经济独立于男子的问题上进行自主决定的权利。
However, some of the problems that the feminist movement tried to solve still exist: women are paid less comparable to men for the same work and advance less quickly in their careers, sexual harassment, domestic violence still exist, childcare is expensive. Causesthat were once won, like abortion rights and welfare rights for single mothers have to be fought again.
但是，女权主义运动试图解决的一些问题仍然存在：妇女与男人同工但不同酬，而且在自己事业中取得进展的速度低于男子；性骚扰和家庭暴力仍然存在，养育孩子的费用昂贵。曾经赢得的某些目标，比如堕胎权利和单身母亲的福利权利，还必须再次战斗。
Until a certain point, the effects of feminism on society are definitively positive. But, on the other hand, the feminist movement, especially the third wave feminism, had some unexpectedly negative effects on the life of women and on society. For example, Elizabeth Powers, in her article "A Farewell to Feminism", writes about the effects of legalization of contraception and the invention of birth control pill on women. " “The pill" seemed to have solved the problem for which the "movement for women emancipation" fought for so long: "freedom from constant reproduction" . But the negative effect of the pill was that men felt that they had no responsibility for their offspring: "With the pill, this responsibility was taken from them overnight".
谈到某一确定的点，女权主义对社会的影响肯定是积极的。但在另一方面，女权主义运动，特别是其第三次浪潮的女权主义运动，对妇女和社会产生了意想不到的负面效果。比如，波尔斯在他的文章“告别女权主义”中写到避孕立法和避孕药丸的使用对妇女产生的影响： “‘这个药丸’似乎解决了妇女解放运动曾经长期为之斗争的‘从不断生育中解放’的问题。但这药丸的负面影响是男子感到对他们的后代不负有责任，“靠着这药，他们的责任一夜之间就被免除了”。
Another unexpected effect is mentioned in the article "How the feminists saved marriage" by Sam Schulman.The feminism led to the sexual revolution, which determined "the spread of cohabitation, single motherhood, the gay-liberation movement" and "the effort to extend marriage rights to homosexual, and hence, inevitably, to absolutely anyone”. Schulman mentions that the last development, in particular, "marks a steep loss in the special protections that marriage has always offered to women." Because in the twentieth century women began to have an important role in the workplace, this affected the with their partners or husbands, and the amount of work within household.
在舒尔曼的文章“女权主义者怎样拯救了婚姻”中,还提到另一个始料不及的影响。女权主义导致了性革命，这个革命决定了“同居的蔓延、单身母亲和男同性恋解放运动”，也决定了“把婚姻权延伸到同性恋，因此不可避免地，绝对是赋予了任何人”。舒尔曼提到，特别是最近的发展“标志着婚姻一直给予妇女的保护陡然消失”。因为在20世纪，妇女开始在工作场所发挥重要作用，这就影响了她们与自己的男伴或丈夫的关系，影响了她们在家庭中的工作量。
Women who want to have a family and children, and in the same time a career are the most affected by the feminist ideology. Most employers do not want to accommodate women who have a family. Women have to work long hours and are allowed to take only a short and unpaid leave in the event of childbirth. Often they have to choose between staying home to take care of children, or returning to work really soon and sacrificing family life. If they chose to stay home for a reasonable amount of time to take care of their children, this means that they will have a gap in their career, and this will lead to lower employability and lower wages.
希望有家庭和孩子的妇女，同时还需要有事业的妇女，受女权主义意识形态的困扰最深。所有顾主都不喜欢接纳有家的妇女。妇女们不得不长时间工作，而且在生孩子时，只能请不带工资的短时间产假。她们经常需在两者之间作出抉择：是呆在家里看孩子，还是马上回去上班，牺牲家庭生活呢。如果她们选择在家呆一段长短适度的时间看孩子，那就意味着她们的工作会出现断层，这将导致她们就业机会率的降低和较低的工资。
These women are torn in two between the desire to have a family and the ambition to have a career and to develop their potential. Some women are lucky enough to have a partner who can take care of the financial needs of the family and decide to stay home for an indefinite period of time and take care of the family, but then they start to feel like they do not mean anything to the society because they do not have a professional life.
这些妇女在拥有家庭的渴望、对拥有自己事业的雄心并发展自己潜能之间左右为难。有些妇女还是足够幸运的，因为她们拥有一个能够照管家庭财政需求的男伴，所以能够决定留在家里一段不确定的时间来照料家庭，但是此后她们开始感到，她们一文不值，因为她们过的是没有事业的生活。
The feminist movement changed the mentality of society regarding the role of women in family. A while ago, a women's role in the family was to keep peace and harmony. They prepared breakfast for their husband and children, took the children to school, and then returned home to prepare dinner and to take care of the other errands of the day .Nowadays, women have careers, go to work everyday, and have to juggle throughout the different aspects of their complex lives.
争取女权运动改变了社会上关于妇女在家庭中作用的心态。不久以前，妇女在家庭中的作用是保持平静与和谐。她们要为丈夫和孩子做早饭，带孩子上学，然后回家准备晚餐，并干完每日的杂活。现在，妇女都有职业，每天上班，不得不手忙脚乱地应付她们复杂的生活的各个方面。
They do not have enough time to take care of their family even if they wanted to. For the women who wanted to have a career feminism brought this opportunity, but it disadvantaged those women who wanted to be stay-at-home-moms. In the article "Feminism and freedom", Christina Hoff Sommers writes about this aspect, that she calls "the central paradox of egalitarian feminism": "When women are liberated from the domestic sphere and no longer forced into the role of nurturers... many, perhaps most, still give priority to the domestic sphere."
即使想照料自己的家庭，她们也没有足够的时间。对于想有职业的妇女来说，女权主义给她们带来机会，但是这对呆在家里的妈妈不利。克里斯蒂娜?豪夫?萨默斯在她的文章“女权主义与自由”写到这个问题时，称这是“平等女权主义的中心矛盾”，并说：“当妇女从家庭领域解放出来，并不再被迫担当保育员的角色，很多、大概是所有妇女，仍然最看重家庭领域”。
Women of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries needed the feminist movement. They needed the basic human rights like the right to vote, the right to an education, to work, to participate in the social and political life. Unfortunately, in many parts of the world women still live like centuries ago, when they basically had no rights: they can be sold and bought, have husbands who can divorce them with a simple word, are punished with death for adultery and so on. In the same time, the women from the Western society fought for the same role in the society as men, and won, but now they feel the constant pressure to have a career and some of them have to sacrifice the family life for that. What feminism really brought into the life of everyday woman must be reconsidered.
20和21世纪的妇女需要争取女权运动。她们需要基本的人权，如选举权、接受教育权、工作权，参与社会生活和政治生活的权利。不幸的是，在世界的许多地方,妇女仍像几百年前那样生活着，那时她们基本上无权利可言：她们可以被买卖，她们的丈夫只需简单的一个词就能离婚，她们可因通奸被处死，等等。同时，西方社会的妇女为获得与男人相同的社会角色而斗争，并且赢得胜利。但是，她们现在感到不断的来自职业的压力，她们中的一些人不得不为工作而牺牲家庭生活。争取女权运动到底给日常生活中的妇女带来什么，是必须重新考虑的。
历史理解要点：
1.女权运动的这一个世纪，极大地改善了西方社会妇女的生活。目前，妇女接受教育的机会增多了，有了选举权，有了拥有财产权，服兵役的权利，有了婚姻、做母亲的权利和宗教权利，有了在有关怀孕、选择职业和经济独立于男子的问题上进行自主决定的权利。如果我们谈到某一确定的点，女权主义对社会的影响肯定是积极的。
2。但在另一方面，女权主义运动，特别是第三次浪潮的女权主义运动，对妇女和社会产生了意想不到的负面影响。有孩子、有丈夫、有事业的职业女性，感到最为困难。她们现在感到不断的来自职业的压力，她们中的一些人不得不为工作而牺牲家庭生活。争取女权运动的成果对妇女到底是福是祸，还真的需要重新考量。