逍遥学能 2016-02-24 10:08
为了提高做短文改错题的能力，除了要加强基础知识的积累、提高语篇的整体理解能力之外，还应该对其错项设置的基本情况有所了解，以便做到目标明确，有的放矢，从而提高解题的正确率。本文拟从语法和逻辑的角度，用口诀的形式，向同学们介绍高考英语短文改错中最常见的几类错误。
短文改错口诀：
动词形，名词数;
注意形和副;
非谓动词细辨别;
习惯用法要记住;
句子成分多分析;
逻辑错误须关注。
一、动词形
主要包括两类错误：动词的时态和语态错误，以及主、谓不一致的错误。例如：
My favourite sport is football. I was member of our school football team. (is)
Now my picture and prize is hanging in the library. (are)
上述两例分别属于时态错误和主、谓不一致错误。找出此类错误的关键是树立牢固的时态概念，注意短文内容发生或存在的时间，保持时间概念的一致性。
二、名词数
指名词单、复数形式的用法错误。常表现为将名词复数写成单数。例如：
…so that I’ll get good marks in all my subject. (subjects)
三、区分形和副
及区分形容词和副词在句子中的作用和具体用法。这也是高考短文改错的常考点。例如：
I’m sure we’ll have a wonderfully time together. (wonderful)
Unfortunate, there are too many people in my family. (Unfortunately)
需要注意的是，形容词多用来做定、表、补语等，而副词只能在句子中作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。第一例中的wonderful作定语修饰time，第二句的Unfortunately作状语修饰整个句子。
四、非谓动词细辨别
这是考查最多的错误形式之一。主要有分词和动名词类错误，也包括不定式类错误。例如：
…in my spare time, but now I am interesting in football. (interested)
Play football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also … (playing)
My parents love me… and will do all they can ∧ make sure… (to)
上述二、三例分别是动名词作主语，和不定式作目的状语。一般的，现在分词有主动态和进行时的含义，而过去分词具有被动态和完成时的含义，不定式有将来时态的含义。
五、习惯用法要记住
主要考查习惯搭配方面的基础知识。这也是历年高考的常考点，其错误表现形式主要有三种：多词、少词和搭配错误。例如：
It was very kind for them to meet me at the railway station and… (of)
We must keep in mind that we play for the team instead ∧ ourselves. (of)
六、句子成分多分析
不同的句子成分要用不同的词类;不同的语景要选择不同的词语。这些都有待我们对句子结构和句子成分作细致的分析，才能找出用词不当的错误。例如：
They ∧eager to know everything about China and… (were)
I live in Beijing, where is the capital of China. (which)
第一例漏掉了谓语动词were，这是受寒于习惯的影响而导致的错误;第二例则是词类与它在句子中的成分不相符，where是副词，不能作主语。
七、逻辑错误须关注
与句子的上、下文不一致，甚至相矛盾，属于逻辑性错误。如称谓上的张冠李戴，人名、地名、时间、方位等方面的错误，常是这类错误的考查对象。例如：
The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home. (their)
First, let me tell you something more about myself. (去掉more)
… no way of setting the matter except by selling the set.Now someone at home reads instead. (everyone)
上述第一例中的主语是Smiths(史密斯夫妇俩)，因此后面的his不合逻辑。第二例中的more在这儿表“再”的意思，才开始告诉别人，怎么能说“再告诉你一些事”?第三例讲的是为了解决看电视时的争端，“我们”把电视机卖了;晚上没电视看了，所以与从前一样，大家又都读书了，所以该用 everyone。
除了上述错误类型外，常考的错误形式还有：连词but, and, or和so的用法错误(可以归类为逻辑错误)，以及冠词的用法错误等。例如：
She was smiling but nodding at me. (and)
It looks as if my parents treat me as a visitor and a guest. (or)
We may be one family and live under a same roof. (the)
下面是2002年全国高考试题中的短文改错题。这道题较全面地反映了本文的口诀。现在请你试着做一做，然后参阅题后的答案与简析。
Last week my parents and I took a two-day trip to Emei
Mountain in Sichuan. As everyone knows，it’s famous 76. _____
Mountain with all kinds of plants and animals. The weather 77. _____
Was fine. It was about noon we arrived at the foot of 78. _____
the mountain，the three of them were very excited. As we 79. _____
climbed the mountain，we ed monkeys，visiting temples 80. _____
and told stories. On the way up I was busy taking picture 81._____
since the scenery was so beautiful. The time passes quickly. 82. _____
Evening came down. We spent the night in a hotel at the top 83. _____
of the mountain. The food was expensive and the service was 84. _____
good. I was so tired that I fell asleep at the moment my 85. _____
head touched the pillow.
答案与简析：
76. famous前加上a.(名词数)
77. 正确
78. we前面加when，引导一个时间状语从句。(句子成分多分析)
79. them→us (逻辑错误须关注)
80. visiting→visited(非谓动词细辨别)
81. picture→pictures(名词数)
82. passes→passed(动词形)
83. 去掉down(习惯用法要记住)
84. and→but(but，and，or和so)
85. 去掉at(句子成分多分析 / 习惯用法要记住)
改错要想拿高分
语法口诀要记牢
(一)见到谓语找主语，主谓一致找状语
见到名词想多数，可不可数要记牢
见到平行看结构，形式功能要对称
见到代词找指代，指代通常不合理
带宾语必带to，不带宾语不带 to
小小of常抓的点，of前名词adj最高级
比较级不修饰比较级,最高级不修饰最高级
(二)谓与非谓经常混
谓语句中就一个
其余动词非谓语
常见形式有三种
v-ing ,v-ed和to do
主谓通常v-ing
动宾通常v-ed
现在分词表主动
过去分词表被动
目的要用不定式
by前有过去分词相拥
by后有动名词后抱
介词后跟动名词
时态基点要搞清
现在还是过去时