逍遥学能 2016-02-24 10:04
主旨题一般包括：基本论点、标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，对文章进行高度的概括或总结。
1．主旨题的设问特点
标志：常以“mainly about； mainly discuss； best title”等词提问。
2．正确选项的特点
正确选项概括归纳的范围大小恰到好处，选项表达的尺度恰当。
3．干扰项的特点
（1）以偏概全：答案只阐述了主旨的一部分，也就是局部信息，概括不够。
[例] A study of English learning problems was carried out among a total of 106 foreign students．It shows that most students considered understanding spoken English to be their biggest problem on arrival．This was followed by speaking．Writing increased as a problem as students discovered difficulties in writing papers that they were now expected to hand in．Reading remained as a significant（显著的）problem. The information gained helped us in determining where special attention should be paid in our course．Although many students have chosen to join the course with a reasonable motivation（动机），we considered it important to note what seemed to encourage interest. Nearly all the students have experienced some kind of grammar-based English teaching in their own country. To use the same method would be self-defeating because it might reduce motivation，especially if it has failed in the past. Therefore a different method may help because it is different. Variety of activity was also seen as a way of maintaining（保持）or increasing motivation. Several years ago we had one timetable that operated throughout，but we soon found that both thestudents and the teachers lost interest by about halfway through the ten weeks. This led us to a major re-think，so finally we brought into line with the expressed language needs of the students.
65．What is the text mainly about？
A．Foreign students have more problems.
B．There are many ways to improve English.
C．Teaching should meet students’ needs．
D．English learning problems should be studied again．
A属于表达意思完全不对，B、D都只是涉及了一个方面的问题，以偏概全，C才是作者要表达的意思。
（2）主题扩大：归纳概括的范围过大，超过了文章讨论的东西。
（3）断章取义，概括错误：常以次要的事实、细节冒充全文主要观点。
[例]
The Marches were a happy family. Poverty， hard work， and even the fact that Father March was away with the Union armies could not down the spirits of Meg， Jo， Amy， and Marmee， as the March girls called their mother. The March sisters tried to be good but had their share of faults. Pretty Meg was often displeased with the schoolchildren she taught； boyish Jo was easy to become angry； goldenhaired schoolgirl Amy liked to show up； but Beth， who kept the house， was loving and gentle always. The happy days passed and darkness came when a telegram arrived for Mrs. March. "Your husband is very ill，” it said， "come at once.” The girl tried to be brave when their mother left for the front. They waited and prayed. Little Beth got scarlet fever （热） when she was taking care of the sick neighbor. She became very ill but began to recover by the time Marmee was back. When Father came home from the front and at that joyful Christmas dinner they were once more all together. Three years later the March girls had grown into young womanhood. Meg became Mrs. Brooke， and after a few family troubles got used to her new state happily. Jo had found pleasure in her literary efforts. Amy had grown into a young lady with a talent for design and an even greater one for society. But Beth had never fully regained her health，and her family watched her with love and anxiety. Amy was asked to go and stay in Europe with a relative of the Marches. Jo went to New York and became successful in her writing and had the satisfaction of seeing her work published there. But at home the bitterest blow was yet to fall. Beth had known for some time that she couldnt live much longer to be with the family and in the spring time she died. News came from Europe that Amy and Laurie， the grandson of a wealthy neighbor， had planned to be married soon. Now Jo became ever more successful in her writing and got married to Professor Bhaer and soon afterwards founded a school for boys. And so the little women had grown up and lived happily with their children， enjoying the harvest of love and goodness that they had devoted all their lives to.
58. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage？
A. The march Family B. The March Parents
C. The March Girls D. The March Relatives
本文讲述了March家中4个女儿的成长历程。这是一个有痛苦也有快乐的一家人，大女儿Meg成了一个教师，Jo对写作感兴趣，Amy对设计感兴趣，Beth最终带着全家人的祝福离开人世。其中的A项显然将主题的范围扩大了，将一个家庭包括父母和女儿都涵盖进去了。而选项B则偏离了主题，要以部分代替整体。对于选项D，文中只提到一句. . . Amy was asked to go and stay in Europe with a relative of the Marches’ . . .，那么D项就是与主题没有关系的错误概括，显然是不对的。
4. 解题思路
（1）寻找主题句，确定文章主题。
文章的主题句常常出现在首段，文中，文尾。因此同学们要多加注意，对于中心贯穿于全文的，需进行总结
（2）注意首段和各段第一句话，将其含义连接成一个整体。
[例]While parents， particularly mothers， have always been attached to their infants （婴儿）， societal conditions frequently made this attachment difficult to maintain （保持）. First of all， the high infant death rate in the premodern times meant that such attachments often ended in hopelessness. Perhaps to prevent the sadness that infant death caused， a number of societal practices developed which worked against infant death caused， a number of societal practices developed which worked against early attachment of motherand child. One of these premodern attachment-discouraging practices was to leave infants unnamed until they had survived into the second year. Another practice that discouraged maternal （母亲的） attachment was tightly wrapping （包裹） infants. Wrapping effectively prevented the close physical interactions like stroking （抚摸） and kissing that are so much a part of modern mothers and fathers affection for their infants. A third practice which had the same distancing effect was wet nursing. Breast-feeding （母乳养育） was not popular among the well-to-do in the early modern times: Infants were often fed by wet nurses hired for the purpose. In some places， such as nineteenth-century France， city infants were sent to wet nurses in the country. Often a wet nurse would feed her own child first， leaving little milk for the city infant——who in many cases， died. In Rouen， the death rate for children sent to a wet nurse was 35 percent.
71. Which is the best title for the passage？
A. Societal Conditions in Premodern Times
B. Practices of Reducing Maternal Attachment
C. Poor Health service and High Infant Death Rate
D. Differences between Modern and Premodern Parents
第一段：. . . a number of societal practices developed which worked against early attachment of mother and child.
第二段：. . . One of these pre-modern attachment-discouraging practices was to. . .
第三段：A third practice which had the same distancing effect was wet-nursing. . .
通过这样的串联，我们就知道了第71题的答案：应为 B. Practices of Reducing Maternal Attachment
（3）注意逆向思维法，即快速作文法。对几个选项可以自己思考一下——如果是我写这个题目，我会怎么写？
[例] 同上文
73． Which is the best title for the passage？
A. Societal Conditions in Pemodern Times
B. Practices of Reducing Maternal Attachment
C. Poor Health Service and High Infant Death Rate
D. Differences between Modern and Premodern Parents
此题正确答案B:几种减弱母亲和孩子之间依恋关系的做法。但如果我们按照A、C、D项来写文章，则要分别写社会状况、很差的卫生服务和较高的婴儿死亡率、还有现代与从前的父母的不同等方面，那就不会出现D篇这样的文章。
特别提示 不管主题句出现在文章的什么位置，我们都要把这类题作为该篇文章的最后一道题去做，因为做完其他题以后会对文章的主旨理解有帮助。
这类题主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思 ，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层阅读理解题。