逍遥学能 2015-12-17 08:44
同位语:
一个名词（或其它形式）对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词（或其它形式）就是同位语。
同位语与被它限定的词的格式要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。同位语从句即重复说明同一个称谓或事件的从句。
1.名词作同位语
Mr Wang,my child’s teacher,will be visiting us on Tuesday.
王先生，我孩子的老师，星期二要来看我们。
（在这里'my child's teacher'做同位语修饰'Mr Wang')
2.短语作同位语
I,the oldest girl in the family,always had to care for the other children.
我，作为家里最大的女孩，总是要照料家中的其他孩子。
直接引语作同位语
But now the question comes to their minds，“Did she die young because she was a clone?”
但是现在他们不得不思考这样的问题：“多莉早死是因为它是一只克隆羊吗？”
3.句子作同位语
The girls were surprised at the fact that ocean ships can sail up the Great lakes.
巨大的海轮可以开到五大湖，让表姐妹俩感到吃惊。
同位语从句的引导词：
引导同位语从句的词语通常有连词that，whether，连接代词和连接副词等。
1. 由that引导
We heard the news that our team had won.
我们听到消息说我们队赢了。
They were worried over the fact that you were sick.
他们为你生病发愁。
The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.
明天放假的消息不实。
I’ve come to the conclusion that it was unwise to do that.
我得出结论这样做是不明智的。
The fact that the money has gone does not mean it was stolen.
那笔钱不见了这一事实并不意味着是被偷了。
He referred to Copernicus’ statement that the earth moves round the sun.
他提到了哥白尼关于地球绕太阳转的说法。
【注意1】在某些名词(如demand, wish, suggestion, resolution等)后面的同位语从句要用虚拟语气。如：
They were faced with the demand that this tax be abolished.
他们面对废除这个税的要求。
They expressed the wish that she accept the award.
他们表示希望她接受这笔奖金。
There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team.
有一项建议是布朗应该离队。
The suggestion that the new rule be adopted came from the chairman.
采纳新规则的建议是主席提出的。
The resolution that women be allowed to join the society was carried.
允许妇女参加这个协会的决议通过了。
I can understand their eagerness that you should be the main speaker.
我理解他们希望你作主要发言人的殷切心情。
【注意2】引导同位语从句的连词that通常不省略，但在非正式文体中也可以省去。如：
He gabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo plane.
他拿起了手提箱，给人的印象是他要登上飞往东京的飞机了。
2. 由whether引导
There is some doubt whether he will come. 他是否会来还不一定。
Answer my question whether you are coming. 你回答我的问题：你来不来。
The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the result. 这个是对还是错要看结果。
We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. 我们不是在调查他是否可以信任的问题。
【注意】whether 可引导同位语从句，但if不能引导同位语从句。
3. 由连接代词引导
Have you any idea what time it starts?
你知道什么时候开始吗?
From 1985-90 I was an instructor at the regional party headquarters. After that I went back to work in a factory. Then I had no idea what a casino was.
从1985年到1990年我是地方党部的教员。随后我回到一家工厂工作。当时我不知道赌场是什么样的地方。
4. 由连接副词引导
I have no idea when he will come back. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
It is a question how he did it. 那是一个他如何做的问题。
He had no idea why she left. 他不知道她为什么离开。
You have no idea how worried I was! 你不知道我多着急!
同位语从句的用法:
同位语部分是个句子，就是同位语从句，这种用法比较"固定"
一、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。
I heard the news that our team had won．我听到了我们队获胜的消息。
二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有:
news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，
words（消息），possibility等（一般的“抽象”名词都可用）。
I’ve come from Mr wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon．
我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。
三、英语中引导同位语从句的词通常有
连词：that，whether，
连接代词：what，who，
连接副词：how,when,where等。（注：if,which 不能引导同位语从句。）
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.
他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。
四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。
The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city．
他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。
关于分离同位语从句
有时同位语从句可以和同位的名词分开。如：
The story goes that he beats his wife. 传说他打老婆。
The news got about that he had won a car in the lottery. 消息传开说他中彩得了一辆汽车。
The rumour spread that a new school would be built here. 谣传这里要盖一所新学校。
Report has it that the Smiths are leaving town. 有传言说史密斯一家要离开这座城市。
The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city. 他想到可能敌人已逃离这座城市。
The order soon came that all citizens should evacuate the village. 不久命令下来，所有居民都必须撤出村子。
间隔同位语从句
同位语从句通常是跟在它解释或说明的名词后，但有些情况下，由于句子结构的原因，同位语从句不紧跟在名词后，而被其他的词隔开。
A warm thought suddenly came to me that I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother's birthday
简析：由于that从句太长，为避免句子失去平衡，此处用了间隔同位语从句
suggestion,request和order等名词后的同位语从句用虚拟语气。
She made a request that the doctor(should)be sent for at once.她请求立即请医生来。
简析：suggestion，order，request，proposal，requirement，command，advice，proposition和recommendation等名词后接同位语从句时，从句中的谓语动词要用“（should+）动词原形”的形式，其中should一词可省略。
| 时态 | 主动形式 | 被动形式 |
| 一般式 | (not) to do | (not)to be done |
| 完成式 | (not) to have done | (not) to have been done |
| 进行式 | (not) to be doing | |
| 完成进行式 | (not) to have been doing |
现在分词构成形式：
①一般在动词原形末尾加ing，如do→doing、sing→singing、comfort→comforting
②以不发音的e、ue结尾的动词，先去e，再加ing，如dance→dancing、hike→hiking、write→writing、make→ making,take→taking
③以ee、oe、ye结尾的动词加ing，如see→seeing、toe→toeing、dye→dyeing
④以重读闭音节结尾的动词，并且末尾只有一个辅音字母，应双写这一字母，再加ing，如cut→cutting、swim→swimming
注：结尾是x则不必双写，如relax→relaxing
⑤以ie结尾的动词，要把ie变成y再加ing，如die→dying，lie→lying.
⑥以ic结尾的动词，要把ic变成ick再加ing，如picnic→picnicking，traffic→trafficking
过去分词构成形式：
1．规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：
(1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。（然而要注意的是，过去分词并不是过去式）
work---worked---worked , visit---visited---visited
(2)、以不发音的“ e ” 结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。
live---lived---lived
(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 "y" 变为 "i" ，再加“ ed ”。
study---studied---studied,cry---cried---cried,try---tried---tried,fry---fried---fried.[1]
(4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。
stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped
(5)、以ic结尾的动词，要把ic变成ick再加ed，
picnic→picnicked ，traffic→trafficked
2 、不规则动词：见不规则动词表
分词用法：
1、分词作状语
分词在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。
分词（短语）作状语时，其逻辑主语应与句中主语相一致。
当现在分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前时, 则用现在分词的完成式,且所表示动作与谓语动作同时发生, 则用现在分词的一般式。
完成或被动关系用过去分词。
①现在分词：
The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking.
②过去分词：
Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station.
Given better attention, the plants could grow better.
2、“while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)＋分词”结构
现在分词或过去分词作状语时，有时可以在分词前加while，when, once, although,until, if等连词。
①现在分词：
When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us.
While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work……
②过去分词：
Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well.
Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.
3、分词作定语
分词作定语时，单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。
现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系)，过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。
We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.
This is really an exhausting day to all of us!
We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.
After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.
More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries
4、分词作宾语补足语
现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及
have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语，作宾语补语的成分。
例：I see him passing my house every day.
I caught him stealing things in that shop.
I smelt something burning.
5、分词作表语
分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。
过去分词表示主语的感受或状态，主语多为人。现在分词表示主语的性质，而且主语多为物；
①过去分词：
We were so bored that we couldn’t help yawning.
She felt confused, and even frightened.
②现在分词：
He was very amusing.
That book was rather boring.
很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语：
exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.
动词短语与短语动词:
(2)同一个动词后面可以有不同的副词性小品词，构成不同意义的短语动词。如：He turn on the radio .Bob turned out smiling.
(3）短语动词用法普遍，尤其在非正式语言中：
我们可以说 He awoke late the following morning .但这太正式了。
我们通常说 He woke up late the following morning .
短语动词的类型
Here is a page from Mr Jones` diary :
Monday ,February 5th.
*有些短语动词不带宾语：
The car broke down .Cigarette prices are going up.
*多数主短语动词可以带宾语，宾语通常在副词性小品词的前或后：
动词+副词性小品词+宾语 动词+宾语+副词性小品词
I rang up a garage. I rang a garage up.
如果宾语较长，则通常放在副词之后：
I filled in an application form.(不说 I filled an application form in .)
如果宾语是代词，其结构通常如下：
动词+代词+副词性小品词
I put it down.(不说 I put down it .)
*有些短语动词是由三个词构成的（动词+副词性小品词+介词），这样，宾语就只能放在介词后面：
I don`t get on with the people at work.
短语动词由动词加上介词或副词小品词构成。比如：
1. 由动词break构成的常见短语动词有：
break away (from) 突然逃离；断绝往来，脱离；改掉，破除
break down （机器等）坏了；（计划等）失败；（谈话等）中断；（健康等）变坏；感情失去控制
break in 突然进来，强行进入；插嘴，打岔；训练，使适应
break into 强行进入；突然…起来；打断，插嘴；占用时间
break off 停止讲话；暂停，休息；（使）折断
break out （火灾、战争等）突然发生，爆发
break through 突破；克服，征服；强行穿过；（太阳等）从云层里出来
break up 解散，驱散；（学校等）放假；结束，破裂；击碎；绝交
break with 与…绝交，与…决裂
2. 又如由bring构成的常用短语动词有：
bring about 引起，实现，导致
bring (a)round 使改变观点或看法；使苏醒；顺便把某人带来串门
bring back 送还；使想起，使恢复
bring down 击落；打死，打伤；使倒下；降低
bring forth 产生，引起，结果
bring in 收获；获利；介绍，引进；聘请；逮捕
bring off 从船上救出；设法做成
bring on 带来，引起；促使生长；帮助提高
bring out 取出，拿出；显示出，使出来；出版
bring over 说服，使改变（思想等）
bring through 使度过（困难，危机等）
bring together 使和解
bring up 提出，提起；抚养，培养；呕吐
二、动词短语
动词短语由动词加上宾语或状语构成。如：
break a glass 打破一个玻璃杯
break one’s leg 摔断腿
break a window 打破窗户
break the rules 违反规定
break a bad habit 改掉坏习惯
break the world record 打破世界记录
bread easily 容易断
break to pieces 破成碎片
bring a book 带来一本书
bring sb sth 给某人带来某物
bring sb great satisfaction 给某人带来极大的快慰
bring death and famine 导致死亡和饥荒
初中英语动词短语整理：
1. break
break down破坏，出毛病，拆开
break off暂停，中断
break in破门而入， 打断
break into破门而入，突然…起来
break out爆发
break away from打破陈规；奋力挣脱；放弃习惯
break through 出现，突破
break up打碎，拆散， 分裂、分解
2. call
call at a place (车船等)停靠;到某地拜访。
call away 叫走，叫开…;转移(注意力等)。
call back唤回; 回电话;
call for需要，要求
call for sth (sb) 喊着叫某人来，喊着叫人取来某物
call in 叫进，请进; 找来，请来;来访；收回
call off取消; 叫走，转移开
call (up)on sb 拜访或看望某人
call sb sth 为某人叫某物
call (up)on sb to do sth
叫(请)某人做某事
call up给…打电话; 想起，回忆起; 召集，应召入伍
call out大喊，高叫; 叫出去
3. come
come down下跌，落，降，传下来
come in进来
come out出版，结果是
come on来临/ 快点
come along一道来，赶快
come over走过来
come up发芽，走近
come back回来
come from来自，源自
4. cut
cut down砍倒，削减
cut up连根拔除，切碎
5. die
die of死于（疾病，饥饿，寒冷，情感原因）
die from死于（外界原因）
die out绝种
6. fall
fall behind落后
fall down掉下，跌倒
fall into 落入；陷入
fall off 从。。。掉下
fall out与。。。争吵
7. go
go along沿着。。。。走
go through通过，经受
go over复习，检查
go up（价格）上涨，建造起来
go against违反
go away离开
go by时间过去
go down降低，（日、月）西沉
go on(with)继续进行
go out外出，熄灭
go off发出响声
8. get
get down下来，记下，使沮丧
get on进展，进步，穿上，上车
get off脱下,下车
get away逃跑，逃脱，去休假
get over克服，从疾病中恢复
get along with进展，相处
get up起床
get into (trouble) 陷入困境中
get back取回，收回
get out 出去
get to 到达。。。
9. give
give away赠送，泄露，出卖
give out发出，疲劳，分发，
give in (to sb.) 屈服
give up放弃，让（座位）
10. hand
hand in交上，提交
hand out分发
11.hold
hold on to…继续，坚持
hold up举起，使停顿
hold on别挂电话，等，坚持
12. keep
keep up with跟上
keep out 不使。。。进入
keep from克制，阻止
keep away from避开，不接近，
keep on继续，坚持下来
keep down 使。。。处于低水平
13.knock
knock at/on敲
knock into撞到某人身上
14. look
look up查找，向上看
look through翻阅，浏览
look after/ at / for 照顾/看/寻找
look out(for)当心
look about / around/round四下查看
look forward to盼望
15. make
make up编造，打扮，组成
make into / of / from 制成
16.pass
pass by经过
pass down(on)…to传给
17. pay
pay back还钱，报复
pay for付钱，因…得到报应
18. pick
pick up拾起，接人，站起，收听，
pick out挑选，辨认，看出
19. put
put up张贴，举起，
put out伸出，扑灭
put off推迟
put into放进，翻译
put away放好，存钱
put down记下，平息
put on穿戴，上映，
put aside放到一边
put back放回
20. stand
stand out 突显，引人注目
stand up 起立，站起来
38.其它常用词组
wake up 醒，唤醒，弄醒
stay up 不睡觉；熬夜
depend on依靠；取决于
worry about为。。。担忧
laugh at嘲笑。。。
begin with以。。。开始
mix up混合、搀和
major in 主修
grow up成长
open up 打开，张开；开发
end up到达或来到某处； 达到某状态
throw away 丢弃。。。
ask for要求。。。
wait for等待。。。
agree with同意。。。
find out（经研究或询问）获知某事
send out 发出，放出，射出
search for 搜索，搜查
chop down 砍到
have.. on 穿着。。。
step out of 跨步走出
drop out of 从。。。掉出
happen to 发生在。。。
belong to属于
arrive in /at到达。。。
try on试穿。。。
vote on对。。。进行投票
strech out伸展。。。
hang out闲逛
leave for离开前往
sell out 卖完、售完
show up 出席；露面
21. run
run after追逐，追捕
run away逃跑
run off跑掉，迅速离开
run out of用完
22. set
set up建立
set off 激起，引起
23. take
take after 与…相像
take off脱掉，起飞
take away拿走
take up从事，占用（时间空间）
take down记录，取下
take back收回
take pride in以… ……为自豪,
take the place of 代替
24. think
think of想起，考虑，对…看法
think out（自然）想出办法
think up想出（设计出、发明、编造）
think about考虑
think over仔细考虑
25. turn
turn off / on打开
turn to翻到，转向，求助
turn down调低，拒绝
turn back返回，转回去
turn round转过身来
turn up向上翻，出现，音量调大
26. care
care about 担心，关心；在乎，介意
care for 关心，关怀，照顾
27. clean
clean up 把…打扫干净，把…收拾整齐
clean out 清除；把…打扫干净
28.learn
learn about 获悉，得知，认识到
learn from 从/向。。。学习
29. fight
fight for..争取获得…
fight against 争取克服、战胜…
fight with…与。。。搏斗/战斗
30. dream
dream of梦想，想橡
dream about 梦到。。。
31. work
work for 为。。工作
work out 产生结果；发展；成功
32. argue
argue with …与。。。争论
argue about..争论。。。
33. complain
complain to 向。。抱怨
complain about抱怨。。。
34. hear
hear of 听说，得知
hear about听到。。。的事，听到。。的话
hear from接到。。。的信
35. talk
talk about 讨论。。。
talk with/to..和。。。讨论
36. live
live in 住在。。。
live on 以。。。为主食
从属连词可分为三大类：
1、that （无词义，不做成分）
if，whether （表达是否的意义，但不做句子成分）
2、连接代词：who，whom，whose，what，which，whatever, whoever, whichever（有词义，在句子中可作主语、表语、宾语）
3、连接副词：when，where，why，how，how many，how long，how far，however，whenever，wherever （有词义，作从句的状语）
用法：
从结构上说，英语连接词分两大类：并列连词和从属连词。
并列连词连接两个或两个以上地位平等的字、词组或分句。例如：
(1) Air and water are indispensable to me.
(2) She likes going out with friends or playing outdoor games.
(3) Most workers have a good income, so they look very happy.
从属连词连接两个或两个以上的分句，形成复杂句中的从属分句。例如：
(4) He said that he did not want to go .
(5) Many things have happened since I last saw him.
(6) You may come if you want to.
从属连词用来连接各种从句。
until(till)直到，在用until表达时间状语的句子中，主句中的动词是要十分小心去选择的。
如动词是持续行动词，它要用肯定句，如：
I studied hard until 12 o'clock last night.
如果动词是瞬间截止性动词，则要用否定句，如:
He didn't go to bed until his mother came back.
由since,for,by,before, 来引导的时间状语从句。
since 引导的时间状语是动作的开始时间，如:
I have studied English since 1990.
而by引导的时间状语通常是动作的结束时间，如：
I had learned 25 English songs by the end of last term.
| 种类 | 语法作用 | 连词举例 |
| 从属连词 | 引导原因状语从句 | Because, since |
| 引导条件状语从句 | If, unless, as long as | |
| 引导目的状语从句 | So that | |
| 引导结果状语从句 | So…that | |
| 引导方式状语从句 | As, just as, as if | |
| 引导让步状语从句 | Though, although, even though, no matter what, however, no matter how, whoever, no matter who, wherever, no matter where | |
| 引导比较状语从句 | As…as, not so…as, than, less…than, the more…the more | |
| 引导名词性从句 | Who, whom, whose, which, that, when, where, why |
定语从句的分类：
根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。
限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去;
非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。
1．由that引导的定语从句
一般情况下that可指人或物，可以代替who，whom和which，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语，但不能作介词的宾语。如：
The comrade that（who）is speaking at the meeting is an advanced worker．
正在会上讲话的那个同志是个先进工人。
Is this the doctor that（whom）you talked about yesterday？
这就是你们昨天谈论的那位医生吗？
The letter that（which）I received yesterday was from my father．
昨天我收到的信是我父亲寄来的。
2．由who，whom和whose引导的定语从句
who在从句中作主语，whom在从句中作宾语，whose在从句中作定语。如：
This is the thief who stole my bike．这就是偷我自行车的那个贼。
He is the boy whom you wanted to find．他就是你想要找的那个男孩。
The girl whose mother is a doctor is waiting for you outside．妈妈是个医生的那个女孩在外面等你。
3．由which引导的定语从句
which指物，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语。如：
The book which Mum bought me last week is called“Red Star Over China”．
妈妈上周买给我的那本书名叫《西行漫记》。
The house which Lu Xun once lived in is now the Lu Xun Museum．
鲁迅曾经住过的那所房子现在是鲁迅博物馆。
4．由where，when和why引导的定语从句
where在从句中作地点状语，when在从句中作时间状语，why在从句中作原因状语。如：
I will never forget the day when I joined the League．我永远忘不了我入团的那一天。
He will go back to the school where he studied next week．下周他要回到他曾经学习过的学校。
I don't know the reason why he quarreled with Zhang Lin．我不知道他同张琳吵架的原因。
［注意点］
关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，关系代词常省去。如：
The play（which）I watched just now had been on twice on Channel
我刚才看的那个戏剧在3频道上已上演了两次。
关系词 | 词形 | 所修饰的先行词 | 在从句中所作的成分 |
关系代词 | who | 人 | 主语、宾语、表语 |
whom | 人 | 宾语 | |
which | 物 | 主语、宾语、表语 | |
that | 人或物 | 主语、宾语、表语 | |
as | 人或物 | 主语、宾语、表语 | |
whose=of whom/of=which | 人或物 | 定语 | |
关系副词 | when | 时间词 | 时间状语 |
where | 地点词 | 地点状语 | |
why | 原因词 | 原因状语 |
关系代词的用法：
1. 关系代词的句法功能
(1)关系代词在句中作主语
例如：I prefer music that/which has great lyrics
(2) 关系代词在句中作宾语
例如：I like music that I can sing along with.
(3)关系代词在句中作表语
例如：The house is not the one (that) it used to be.
2. 关系代词在从句中作名词的定语
例如：Is she the teacher whose hair is very short?
3. 关系代词的用法
(1)who和whom的用法：二者都用于指人。Who在定语从句中作主语、宾语，
whom 在定语从句中作宾语。Whom在从句中能坐介词的宾语，而who则不能。
例如：
I happened to meet the professor (who/whom) I got to know at a party
in the shopping center yesterday.
(2)whose的用法：一般指人，有时也指物。在定语从句中作定语。
例如：I have got a friend whose brother is training for the Olymoics.
(3)which的用法：一般指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语、偶尔作定语。
例如：The photo which we liked best was taken by Zhao Min.
(4)that的用法：指人或物，指人时可与who、whom互换，指物时可与that互换。
在从句中可作主语、宾语，还可作表语。
例如：It is a book (that/which) no one really likes.
4. 宜用who不宜用that的情况
(1)先行词是指人的不定代词时
例如：Congratulations to our winners and thanks to everyone who entered the competitions.
(2) 先行词指人时且含有较长的后置定语
例如：The boy was crying hard who lost his way while looking for his mother.
5. 在以下情况中，关系代词常用that
(1)先行词为all, little, few, none 及some-, any-, no-与thing所组成的复合单词时，只能用that。
例如：There is nothing that will stop us making progress.
(2)先行词前有only, some, any等形容词修饰时，只能用that。
例如：This is the only problem that we can’t work out.
(3)先行词前由形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，只能用that。
例如：This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.
(4)先行词同时包括人和物时，只能用他和她，
例如：Lu Xun and his works that we are familiar with are considered great.
6. 只能用which不能用that的情形
(1)当非限制性定语从句中的先行词指物时，只能用which
例如：The pencil-case, which I bought last week, is missing.
(2)关系代词前面有介词时，只能用which
例如：The tree under which we used to take a rest has been cut down.
(3)先行词本身就是that时
例如：I don’t like that which he did.
关系副词的用法
1. when的用法：它的先行词通常是time, day, morning等。有时也可和一些介词一起引导定语从句。
例如：Do you remember the time when she went abroad?
2. where的用法：它的先行词通常有place, spot, room等。
例如：I like places where the weather is always warm.
3. why的用法：它的先行词只有reason。Why时常也可以省略。
例如：Tell me the reason why she was late.