逍遥学能 2015-12-13 16:46
推理判断题
这类题属于主观题，是层次较高的设题。它包括判断和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。所以，推理题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案：即对原文某一句话或某几句话所作的同义改写(paraphrase)或综合。
常见的题干有：
1) It can be inferred from the text that.
2) We can conclude that.
3) When the writer talks about..., what he really means is that.
4) Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
判断题考查学生在理解文章的基础上，对不同观点进行评价和判断的能力。推理题考查学生由文章的字面信息推出未知信息或隐含信息的能力。
1) 判断有据, 推论有理, 忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意。
2) 全面分析所有相关信息，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。
3) 善于揣摩作者思路，尽可能与作者的思路吻合。
4）不可直接选取文中的原句。
例1： Annealing
Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly. If metal is heated and then cooled very quickly, for example by dipping (浸) it in water, it will be very hard but also very brittle-that is, it will break easily. Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily. It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as it is wished, by annealing it. The metal is heated, and allowed to cool slowly for a certain length of time. The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes. Annealing can also be used on other material, such as glass.（1990NMET）
①Why do people put hot metal in water?
A. To make it hard. B. To make it soft. C. To make it cool. D. To make it brittle.
[分析]答案为A，此题属推断归纳题。文中第二句说如果把金属加热，然后迅速放到水里冷却，也就会变得非常硬，但也变得脆。hard 是工艺的主观目的。brittle是伴随的客观结果，故选A而不选D。B项明显错
误；C项是手段不是目的，因此，都可排除。
②In annealing, the required hardness of metal depends on __.
A. the quantity of water used B. the temperature of the metal
C. the softness of the metal D. the timing of the operation
[分析]答案为D,此题属概括归纳题。timing 是时间的选择。本答案的依据是5和6两句，"The metal is heated,length of time.","The longerthe softer it becomes."cool 的时间是可以控制的，时间越长越 soft,即硬度就越低。由此我们可得出结论：在退火过程中，金属的硬度是受到冷却的时间长短影响的。
③As suggested by the text, how can glass be made less brittle?
A. It can be heated and then cooled quickly. B. It can be cooled and then heated slowly.
C. It can be heated and then cooled slowly. D. It can be cooled and then heated quickly.
[分析]答案为C此题属推理判断题。文中提到"metal"。最后一句说退火工艺同样可用于象玻璃一类的其他材料。文中我们已知"annealing"就是先"heat"后"cool slowly"。由此推断C是正确的。
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