逍遥学能 2015-01-30 14:50
【摘要】“英语阅读里篇章结构题解题技巧”理解文章的基本结构的要求，往往通过篇章结构题来考查。下面为大家带来详细内容：
考生要学会把握文章的脉络，理解段落层次之间的关系，弄清作者的写作方法。英语的文章讲究使用主题段和主题句。主题段通常在文章的开头，简要概括文章的中心思想，主题句根据段落的写作手法的不同可能在段落的开头，也可能出现在段落的中间或末尾。段与段之间常用词语连接，承上启下，使文章行文连贯，逻辑严密。为突出主题作者可能采用不同的写作手法来组织文章，通过举例、比较、类比等手法来透彻阐明主题观点。高考对这类题型的考查主要体现在以下几个方面：
1. 确定指代关系。最常见的提问方式是：The underlined word “they/it/…” in paragraph… refers to… …
2. 对句子意义或作用的理解。最常见的提问方式是：The sentence “… …” in paragraph … means ….; The example of … … in para….is used to illustrate/show … ….
3. 对段落大意或段落作用的理解。最常见的提问方式是：The last paragraph mainly tell us that … …; The purpose of writing Paragraph … is …. ….
4. 对文章组织结构的理解。最常见的提问方式是：How is the passage organized?;Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?
在上述几类题中考生感觉难做的题是第四类, 这类题是近两年来出现的主要考查议论文结构的命题新方式,且逐步得到语言教育专家们的认可。并逐步推广到对其他文体结构的考查。分析这一类的题我们看出：对文章组织结构的考查不外乎两个层次。一是按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构，一是按写作方法(论证方法)理解文章的结构。
首先，看看这样考查从段落层次理解文章的结构。这类题经常用到的提问方式是：Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage? 常见的段落结构有如下几种情况：
图1表明：①(Paragraph 1)是主题段(提出论题或论点)，②、③段是就同一论据或者问题的同一方面作论述，④用另一论据材料或者从问题的另一方面论述，⑤段是结论段或者是用来重述论题、强调论点的段落。同样我们很容易理解图2、3、4所示的段落结构的意义。
下面具体看看05年江苏卷E篇：
The twentieth century saw greater changes than any century before changes for the better, changes for the worse, changes that brought a lot of benefits to human beings, changes that put man in danger .Many things caused the changes, but, in my opinion, the most important was the progress in science.
Scientific research in physics and biology has vastly broadened our views. It has given us a deeper knowledge of the structure of matter and of the universe, it has brought us a better understanding of the nature of life and of its continuous development. Technology in the application of science has made big advances that have benefited us in nearly every part of life.
The continuation of such activities in the twenty-first century will result in even greater advantages to human beings: in pure science—a wider and deeper knowledge in all fields of learning; in applied science—a more reasonable sharing of material benefits, and better protection of the environment.
Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science has been employed in doing damage to mankind. The application of science and technology to the development and production of weapons of mass destruction has created a real danger to the continued existence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons, Although their actual use has so far occurred only in the Second World War, the number of nuclear weapons that were produced and made ready for use was so large that if the weapons had actually been used, the result could have been the ruin of the human race, as well as of many kinds of animals.
William Shakespeare said. “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn(纱线), good and ill together. “The above brief review of the application of only one part of human activities—science seems to prove what Shakespeare said. But does it have to be so? Must the ill always go together with the good? Are we biologically programmed for war?
72.Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?
理解文章段落结构，我们很容易找到答案A。
接下来再来看看这样从论证方法上考查对议论文结构的理解。掌握了议论文常见的写作方法，我们不难理解议论文的论证过程。从论证方法上讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类：